Tumor lysis syndrome is a metabolic complication that may follow the initiation of cancer therapy. It commonly occurs\nin hematological malignant patients particularly non-Hodgkin�s lymphoma and acute leukemia due to chemotherapy or\nspontaneously. It is characterized by a biochemical abnormality such as hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and\nhypocalcemia and its clinical outcome is directly related to these biochemical abnormalities. Prevention and treatment of tumor lysis\nsyndrome depend on immediate recognition of patients at risk. Therefore, identifying patients at risk and prophylactic measures\nare important to minimize the clinical consequences of tumor lysis syndrome. Patients with low risk should receive hydration\nand allopurinol. On the other hand patients with high risk should receive hydration and rasburicase in an inpatient setting. It is\nimportant to start therapy immediately, to correct all parameters before cancer treatment, to assess risk level of patients for TLS,\nand to select treatment options based on the risk level. In this review a comprehensive search of literatures was performed using\nMEDLINE/PubMed, Hinari, the Cochrane library, and Google Scholar to summarize diagnostic criteria, incidence, predicting\nfactors, prevention, and treatment options for tumor lysis syndrome in patients with hematological malignancies.
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